Procedure
Follow these steps to determine the Removal of Hardness of Water by Ion Exchange Column
• Clean the stalgmometer with chromic acid and then wash with water thoroughly with water. Note the room
temperature.
• Suck the liquid above the upper mark on the stalgmometer and adjust the flow with pinch cork so that 10-15
drops fall per minute, and set it vertically to the clamp.
• Release the liquid, and (i) start counting the drops from upper mark of the stalgmometer till the lower
meniscus of the liquid touches the lower end or (ii) collect 10 drops of liquid in dry and pre-weight
pycnometer and measure the weight of the liquid.
• Repeat the experiment for unknown liquid and for concordant readings.
Safety Precautions:
1. The stalagmometer should be strictly vertical in all the observation.
2. The temperature should be constant throughout the experiment.
3. The formation of drops should not be too fast or too slow.