To determine the constituents and amount of alkalinity in the supplied water sample

Introduction

Adsorption is a surface phenomenon of solids, it occurs due to the presence of residual or unbalanced forces exist with the surface molecules of the solids. These surface molecules attract the molecules/ions of other species that come in their contact in either from i.e., in gas or in solution phase. This adhesion of molecules/ ions to the surface is known as adsorption, it is of two types one is physical adsorption and the other one is chemical adsorption based on the forces that bind these foreign species to the surfaces molecules. It depends on following factor-
i) Specific area of the solid

ii) Solute concentration in solution at equilibrium

iii) Pressure in case of gaseous adsorption

iv) Nature of adsorbent

v) Temperature

There is a greater concentration of the adsorbed molecules at the surface of the solid as compared to the gas phase or solution. The adsorption of a solute from a solution generally follows the Freundlich empirical adsorption isotherm, given by the formula:

$$\log\left(\frac{x}{m}\right) = \log(k) + \frac{1}{n} \log(c) \quad \text{(Eq. 2)} $$
Where,

x = weight of adsorbent

m = mass of the adsorbent

k = proportionality constant representing the capacity of the adsorbent

c = equilibrium concentration of the solution

If we draw the plot for Eq. 1 and 2 we get the following type of graphs:

Fig. 1 x/m vs p graph
Fig. 2 log x/m vs log p graph

Applications:

1. Water Treatment Optimization

2. Environmental Monitoring

3. Industrial Processes

4. Drinking Water Quality

5.Research and Education